11) Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
- Evapotranspiration (ET) is the sum of water losses from a field due to evaporation and transpiration.
- A Lysimeter, is a type of pot in which plants are grown. By measuring its weight, evaporation is calculated.
- Only real ET evapotranspiration (evaporation under conditions of limited water availability) can be measured with the lysimeter
- The Penman-Monteith method is the most popular method for estimating potential evapotranspiration.
12) Which of the following is INCORRECT in relation to the crop coefficient kc
- The crop coefficient kc is unitless
- The value of the crop coefficient kc if different for different plants
- The crop coefficient kc for vineyards is smaller than the than the crop coefficient for lawn; thus the PET of a vineyard is smaller than the PET for the lawn
- The crop coefficient kc for vineyards is smaller than the than the crop coefficient for lawn; thus the PET of a vineyard is larger than the PET for the lawn
13) The following equation applies to:
- Steady flow in a confined aquifer
- Steady flow in an unconfined aquifer
- Unsteady flow in a confined aquifer
- Unsteady flow in an unconfined aquifer
14) The following equation applies to:
- Steady flow in a confined aquifer
- Steady flow in an unconfined aquifer
- Unsteady flow in a confined aquifer
- Unsteady flow in an unconfined aquifer
15) In situations of long-term pumping from wells, we can use the following equation to estimate:
- The radius R that must exist between adjacent boreholes.
- The distance R from the center of the drill at which the fall of the well horizon is practically zero.
- The distance R from the center of the drill at which the drop in hydraulic height is equal to one meter.
- The radius R from the center of the drill at which the fall of the well horizon is equal to one meter.
16) Assume an unconfined aquifer with a thickness of 15m measured from the earth surface and an underlying impermeable limestone layer with a thickness of 5m thick. The unconfined aquifer consists of layers of muddy sand with K = 0.01 m/s. Water was pumped from a rarely used well for 25 h and the aquifer level in the well fell by sw = 1 m. Empirically estimate the radius of influence:
- 1000
- 300
- 3000
- 5000
17) Which of the following is not an advantage of groundwater exploitation over surface water exploitation:
- Aqueducts behave as reservoirs, so there is no need to build large and expensive water storage projects.
- The development of groundwater wells for pumping water can be done gradually and according to the needs that arise, thus reducing the need for high capital funding.
- The exploitation of groundwater is considered less invasive and safer for the environment since the boreholes are sealed and the risk of extensive pollution is small.
- The use of groundwater is a relatively cheap and quick solution to serve the domestic and irrigation needs of mainly small areas as it requires only some drilling and relatively small in length and diameter of pipelines.
18) According to Darcy’s law, which of the following is INCORRECT?
- The specific discharge increases with increasing hydraulic conductivity.
- The special discharge is proportional to the hydraulic gradient.
- If we double the hydraulic conductivity and reduce the hydraulic gradient by half, the specific discharge will be reduced 50%
- If we double the hydraulic conductivity and reduce the hydraulic gradient by half, the specific discharge will not change.,
19) Human interventions in the natural water system can be classified as either extractions or returns. Water is extracted to meet specific water needs (eg, irrigation, water supply, electricity, etc.). Water returns include a portion of the effluents that are returned to the natural water system (eg, irrigation water drains, temporary extraction for electricity generation). If the total quantity that was extracted is returned, then the extraction is a non-consumptive extract.
“Based on the above classification, if we apply the water balance on an annual basis to study the surface water resources of the Amazon watershed, we do not need to include in the balance the power generation that takes place in the hydroelectric dams that exist on the of the Amazon River.” CORRECT or INCORRECT
20) Using the hydrological data of the period 1990-2019, the average monthly runoff of a river into the reservoir of a dam for the month of December is 500,000 m3 with SD = 200,000. What is the probability that the runoff for December 2020 will be between 300,000-700,000 m3
- 50%
- 68%
- 32%
- 16%